Is Your Herd Missing Out? Recognizing and Preventing Mineral Deficiency in Cattle

Written by Jennie Eilerts

Published on November 20, 2020 (Updated April 14, 2025)

If you run a livestock operation, you know the importance of giving your cattle the nutrition they need for good health. Part of a good nutrition program involves providing the necessary minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and potassium.

Growing cattle and pregnant or lactating cows have a particularly high need for minerals, and all cattle require them for essential functions and immune support. Mineral deficiencies can lead to significant health issues and even mortality, making supplementation vital if forage and feed aren't enough.

Jump to Mineral Guide

Where Do Cattle Get Their Minerals?

Sources of essential minerals vary, and not all sources provide adequate amounts to meet the needs of today’s cattle. While pasture does offer some mineral content, the levels can fluctuate greatly depending on soil quality, forage type, and season. In many regions, forage alone may not supply sufficient quantities of important nutrients like calcium, phosphorus, or magnesium—especially during times of rapid growth, reproduction, or environmental stress. That’s why many producers rely on supplemental sources such as salt licks and free-choice mineral mixes to help fill the gaps in the natural diet. 

Signs of Mineral Deficiency

Mineral deficiencies in cattle can be subtle at first but may lead to serious health and performance issues over time. Because minerals play a role in nearly every physiological function— from bone development and immune response to reproduction and energy metabolism—deficiencies often show up in a variety of ways. Recognizing the signs early can help producers take corrective action before problems become widespread or costly. Below are some of the most common signs of mineral imbalances in cattle, along with the minerals most often associated with each issue.

Reproductive issues such as infertility or stillbirth

Deficiencies in minerals like phosphorus, selenium, copper, and zinc can lead to poor conception rates, irregular estrus cycles, early embryonic loss, and even stillbirths. Cows and bulls both require balanced trace minerals to support hormone production, uterine health, and viable sperm development.

Poor growth (ill-thrift) in calves

Lack of zinc, phosphorus, manganese, and cobalt can impair energy metabolism, bone development, and overall growth in young calves. Affected animals may appear thin, weak, or stunted, even with adequate feed.

Poor growth (ill-thrift) in calves

Lack of zinc, phosphorus, manganese, and cobalt can impair energy metabolism, bone development, and overall growth in young calves. Affected animals may appear thin, weak, or stunted, even with adequate feed.

Decreased feed intake

Lack of zinc, phosphorus, manganese, and cobalt can impair energy metabolism, bone development, and overall growth in young calves. Affected animals may appear thin, weak, or stunted, even with adequate feed.

Weak bones and low milk production

Deficiencies in calcium and phosphorus directly affect skeletal strength and lactation. Lactating cows with inadequate calcium are also at risk for milk fever (hypocalcemia), especially around calving

Weakened immune system

Zinc, copper, selenium, and cobalt all contribute to immune function. Deficiencies in these trace minerals can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, slower recovery times, and higher disease pressure in the herd.

Pica (eating non-feed items)

Cattle that chew on wood, soil, bones, or plastic may be experiencing deficiencies in phosphorus or sodium. Pica behavior is a red flag for dietary imbalances or mineral insufficiency.

Gastrointestinal distress like diarrhea

Chronic diarrhea may be linked to copper, zinc, or cobalt deficiencies, which can affect gut integrity, enzyme production, and microbial health in the rumen.

Grass tetany from low magnesium

This condition typically affects lactating cows on lush spring pasture. Low magnesium, combined with high potassium and nitrogen levels in the forage, disrupts nerve and muscle function—leading to twitching, collapse, or death if untreated.

White muscle disease in calves from selenium deficiency

Calves born to selenium-deficient dams may suffer from white muscle disease, a degenerative condition affecting cardiac and skeletal muscles. Symptoms include stiffness, weakness, and in severe cases, sudden death.

Sudden death due to selenium or magnesium deficiency

Low selenium can cause white muscle disease, while magnesium deficiency is responsible for grass tetany—both potentially fatal conditions that can progress rapidly with little warning.

Why Mineral Supplementation Matters

Balanced mineral programs are essential for supporting every stage of a cow’s life cycle—from breeding and calving to growth, lactation, and finishing. When cattle receive the right levels of essential minerals, they’re better equipped to maintain strong reproductive function, achieve optimal growth rates, and build resilience against disease and environmental stressors. Adequate mineral intake also helps calves transition through weaning more smoothly, reducing stress-related setbacks and supporting long-term performance.

In addition to improving internal health and productivity, some mineral formulations include insect growth regulators (IGRs), which can help break the life cycle of flies and reduce external parasite pressure. This not only improves animal comfort and feed efficiency but also lowers the risk of fly-borne diseases during warmer months.

Ultimately, mineral supplementation isn't just a box to check—it's a strategic investment in herd health, productivity, and long-term profitability. A well-balanced mineral program helps ensure cattle perform at their best, while reducing avoidable losses caused by deficiency-related issues.
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MINERAL GUIDE

CALCIUM

Calcium is a critical mineral for maintaining overall cattle health and productivity. It's vital for a vast array of physiological functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and enzyme activation. One of its most important roles is in skeletal development—especially in growing calves and pregnant or lactating cows, where calcium demands are significantly higher. Without adequate calcium intake and absorption, cattle are more prone to bone weakness, reduced mobility, and increased risk of injury.

 

In lactating cows, calcium is also essential for milk production. A calcium deficiency can lead to serious conditions like milk fever (hypocalcemia), particularly around calving when the demand for calcium increases rapidly. Subclinical calcium deficiencies, even when not obvious, can impair feed intake, fertility, and immune function—making animals more susceptible to illness and stress. Maintaining optimal calcium levels through diet and supplementation ensures that cattle have a better chance at strong bones, steady metabolic function, and peak performance in every stage of a cow’s life. 
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SODIUM

Sodium is one of the most essential electrolytes in a cow’s diet, playing a key role in hydration, nerve function, and overall metabolic balance. It helps regulate fluid levels within and around cells, supports muscle and nerve function, and aids in the proper absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract. Without sufficient sodium, cattle may show signs of poor appetite, reduced growth, decreased milk production, and lethargy.

 

Because most forages and grains are naturally low in sodium, supplementation is almost always necessary—especially in hot weather or during periods of stress, when electrolyte loss greatly increases through sweat and urine. Providing access to a free-choice salt or salt-mineral source or supplement ensures cattle can self-regulate their intake to meet their physiological needs. Adequate sodium intake not only supports hydration and energy metabolism but also promotes better feed efficiency, fertility, and resilience during times of environmental or nutritional stress, such as heat waves or poor quality forage.
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MAGNESIUM

Magnesium is a vital mineral that supports nerve function, muscle control, and enzyme activity in cattle. It's especially important for maintaining normal neuromuscular function—helping to regulate muscle contractions and preventing conditions like grass tetany, a potentially fatal disorder that occurs when magnesium levels drop too low. This is most common in early spring when cattle graze on lush, fast-growing pasture that is often low in magnesium and high in potassium, which can interfere with magnesium absorption.

 

Even subclinical magnesium deficiencies can result in reduced feed intake, poor weight gain, and general irritability or stiffness. Because cattle cannot store large amounts of magnesium in their bodies, it must be provided consistently through diet or supplements. Ensuring adequate magnesium intake is particularly crucial for lactating cows, high-performing animals, and herds on green pastures. With proper supplementation, magnesium helps maintain calm, healthy cattle & optimized production and performance.
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POTASSIUM

Potassium is a vital electrolyte that supports muscle function, nerve signaling, and fluid balance in cattle. It plays an essential role in maintaining hydration at the cellular level, especially during periods of heat stress or dehydration. Potassium also supports healthy rumen function and helps regulate heart rate, muscle contractions, and overall energy metabolism. High-performing cattle—especially those under stress, in lactation, or in hot climates—have an increased demand for this important mineral. 

 

Because potassium is water-soluble and not stored in large quantities within the body, deficiencies can arise quickly if intake is inadequate. Signs may include muscle weakness, a decreased feed intake, reduced milk production, or poor weight gain. While most forages are naturally high in potassium, weathered or heat-damaged hay and silage is often deficient and can cause significant deficiencies. Supplementation may be necessary during periods of extreme heat, or for lactating cows to maintain optimal performance and health. 
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ZINC

Zinc is a trace mineral that plays a powerful and far-reaching role in maintaining cattle health, performance, and immune resilience. It’s required for more than 300 enzymatic processes in the body, contributing to everything from protein synthesis and skin integrity to hoof strength, reproduction, and tissue repair. Zinc is especially vital for a strong immune system—supporting white blood cell function and helping animals recover more quickly from illness, injury, or periods of environmental stress or dietary transition.

 

Although zinc is needed in relatively small amounts, a deficiency can have significant consequences. Signs may include poor appetite, rough or patchy hair coat, cracked or brittle hooves, and reduced growth rates. Cattle under stress, those on high-grain or high-calcium diets, and young calves are particularly susceptible to zinc depletion due to impaired absorption or increased metabolic demands. Supplementing zinc in a bioavailable form can improve immune function, feed efficiency, skin and hoof health, and overall wellness—making it a smart investment.
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COPPER

Copper is a critical trace mineral that supports immune function, reproductive health, and proper growth and development in cattle. It’s essential for forming strong connective tissue, producing red blood cells, and maintaining the integrity and functionality of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Copper also plays a key role in pigmentation and coat condition, making it a visible marker of overall mineral status. A deficiency can lead to faded or “washed out” hair color, particularly around the eyes and muzzle. Poor overall coat condition can also be an indication of a deficiency. 

 

Subclinical copper deficiency is more common than it may appear—especially in regions with high soil molybdenum or sulfur levels, which can interfere with copper absorption. Other signs of deficiency may include poor growth, fertility challenges, or increased susceptibility to disease. Providing a balanced mineral supplement with bioavailable copper can help prevent imbalances and support reproductive performance, immune strength, and a healthy, vibrant coat.
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PHOSPHORUS

Phosphorus is a foundational mineral in cattle nutrition, essential for everything from bone development to energy metabolism. It works closely with calcium to build and maintain strong bones and teeth, supporting structural strength and mobility. Phosphorus also plays a key role in reproductive health, milk production, and the efficient use of feed. As a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the body’s energy “currency”—it directly affects how cattle convert nutrients into usable energy for growth, performance, and immune support.

 

Deficiencies in phosphorus can lead to poor growth rates, weak or brittle bones, reduced feed intake, and reproductive challenges such as delayed breeding or poor conception rates. Because phosphorus levels vary across forage types—especially in regions with phosphorus-deficient soils—supplementation is often necessary to meet the needs of both beef and dairy herds. Providing adequate phosphorus through a well-balanced mineral program helps support optimal growth, fertility, feed efficiency, and long-term herd productivity.
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MANGANESE

Manganese is an essential trace mineral that supports skeletal development, enzyme activity, and reproductive health in cattle. It plays a key role in cartilage formation and bone strength, making it especially important for growing calves and pregnant cows. Manganese is also involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, contributing to energy production and proper immune function. Although needed in relatively small amounts, it has a big impact on overall performance and structural soundness.

 

Deficiencies in manganese can lead to a range of subtle but costly issues, such as poor growth rates, weak or deformed bones, delayed estrus cycles, and reduced conception rates. Calves may exhibit limb abnormalities or stiffness, and adult cattle may struggle with fertility or calving difficulties. Because manganese levels in forages can vary significantly—especially in heavily fertilized pastures—supplementation is often necessary to meet daily requirements. Providing consistent access to a balanced mineral mix helps ensure cattle have the manganese they need.
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SELENIUM

Selenium is a powerful antioxidant trace mineral that plays a vital role in protecting cattle from cellular damage, supporting immunity, and promoting reproductive health. One of its key functions is in the formation of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that helps neutralize harmful free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This is especially important during periods of rapid growth, immune challenge, or environmental stress, when the body’s natural defenses may be compromised. Selenium also supports muscle function and fertility, particularly in bulls and breeding females.

 

A deficiency in selenium can lead to a range of health concerns, including poor immune response, increased susceptibility to infections, reproductive failure and white muscle disease—especially in young calves. Some regions have naturally selenium-deficient soils, making local forages an unreliable source of this essential mineral. Subclinical deficiencies can be easy to overlook but may still impair overall performance and resilience. Consistent supplementation, helps maintain immune strength, reproductive efficiency, and muscular health across all classes of cattle.
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COBALT

Cobalt is a trace mineral with a big job: it’s essential for the synthesis of vitamin B₁₂, which supports energy metabolism, red blood cell formation, and overall health in cattle. Rumen microbes rely on cobalt to produce vitamin B₁₂, which is critical for converting feed into usable energy and supporting proper growth, appetite, and immune function. Without enough cobalt, microbial activity in the rumen can slow down, leading to decreased fiber digestion and reduced nutrient absorption.

 

Cobalt deficiency is most likely to occur in areas with cobalt-deficient soils or in cattle grazing on poor-quality forage. Signs of deficiency may include poor growth rates, reduced appetite, weight loss, anemia, and general unthriftiness—particularly in young or fast-growing animals. Because vitamin B₁₂ cannot be stored in large amounts, a steady supply of cobalt through supplementation is necessary to maintain rumen health and overall performance. Ensuring adequate cobalt intake supports not only digestion and energy production but also resilience and vitality across the entire herd.
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